In this article, Triad gives a basic overview as to what Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is, its history, major applications, and the possible challenges faced when using it.
What is MANET?
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of mobile devices, e.g., laptops, mobile phones, radios, or sensors that communicate with each other wirelessly — standard Wi-Fi, cellular, local RF network, etc.—and provides the needed network functionality without an existing fixed structure. They can change locations and reconfigure themselves while doing so. MANETs can be restricted to a local group of wireless devices or they can be connected to the Internet.
A VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) is a MANET that lets vehicles communicate with roadside equipment. Even if the vehicles do not have an Internet connection, the wireless roadside equipment may be connected to the Internet, therefore allowing the vehicles’ data to be conveyed over the Internet.
Because of their mobility, reliability, and availability, and with the increase of wireless portable devices, ad hoc networking’s applications are many. They include the commercial, military, and private sectors. MANET allows information to be exchanged without regard for geographic location or remoteness of infrastructure.
The History of MANET
In the early 1970s, ‘packet radio’ networks (PRNET), sponsored by DARPA, were created. PRNET was inspired by ALOHAnet and utilized CSMA methods to provide packet-switched networking to a mobile battlefield in a hostile environment with no infrastructure.
In the early 1980s, SURAN (Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks) made the radios smaller, less expensive, and more power-efficient, and improved scalability of algorithms, making them more able to withstand electronic attack. During this period GloMo (Global Mobile Information System) and NTDR (Near Term Digital Radio) were also developed.
In the 1990s, with the advent of notebooks computers, open source software, and equipment based on RF and infrared, the term ‘ad hoc networks’ was created. The Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) group was born, along with the effort to standardize routing protocols. A protocol based on collision avoidance which could tolerate hidden terminals was developed.
Major applications of MANET
- Military: in the Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, and Coast Guard, MANET makes possible independent information networks between soldiers, vehicles, ships, planes, and headquarters. MANET’s basic techniques have their roots in the military.
- Commercial: commercial use of MANET includes emergency rescue and disaster relief. It allows rescuers to communicate in remote areas, maintain safety, and complete faster, more efficient rescues.
- Low Level Use: MANET is seen in law enforcement as well as civilian use like taxicabs, sports stadiums, boating and small aircraft.
- Data Networks: commercially, MANET can extend the reach of installed infrastructure with regard to computer networks, increasing ease of use and availability.
- Sensor Networks: MANET makes possible a network consisting of a large number of sensors in an area that can detect vibration, temperature, pressure, toxins, pollution, and more. Since the capability of each sensor is limited and failure a common occurrence, such a redundant network can increase overall accuracy and reliability of data. Such networks could be the future of homeland security.
Challenges
Although the benefits of MANET are many, there are real challenges to be faced, security being the biggest. The military offers the best example of these challenges.
The military operates in dynamic environments under harsh conditions, but nevertheless needs to transfer ever increasing amounts of information over great distances. A complex system of transceivers, amplifiers, and antennas are required to make this possible. A wide range of frequencies, waveforms, network technologies, and power levels are in play. This complex system presents a heightened need for security to prevent adversaries from locating and targeting ships, planes, vehicles, or personnel, and jamming communications. Operations must also be carried out with limited or no access to strategic communications due to anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) threats.
Designers of these systems have introduced unmanned systems and autonomous, high-capacity communication bearers that can operate independently in A2/AD environments—decreasing or eliminating some threats from adversaries.
Other challenges include limited bandwidth constraints, processing capability, energy constraints, high latency multiple hop packets, scalability problems, and increasingly dynamic topologies (where it is hard to detect malignant nodes). But advances in mobile ad hoc network routing protocols and algorithms address these points, making the benefits of MANET far outweigh its limitations.
MIMO/MANET
MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) is a wireless technology that uses multiple transmitters and receivers to transfer more data over a given time. When applied to a tactical MANET, MIMO has a high potential to improve data communications, connectivity, and situational awareness. When combined with the self-forming and self-healing advantages of the MANET implementation, these MIMO/MANET systems’ ability to operate in A2/AD environments become substantially stronger.
Triad RF Systems offers THPR High Power Radio Systems that utilize the Silvus Streamcaster SC4200 and SC4400, the DTC SOLO8, the Microhard 2×2 MIMO pMDDL, and others as a core radio. These fully integrated high-power systems support UHF, L, S and C bands and offer output power levels of up to 100W per channel.
Naval vessels operate in a dynamic environment requiring a wide array of communication links or off-ship bearers to transport information to or from maritime assets. As more information is transferred over greater distances with many more endpoints, there is a mixture of transceivers, amplifiers and antennas to contend with. And, near-peer adversaries are continually seeking to target maritime vessels to actively jam communication. These challenges have led to amazing advancements with MANET radios.
For more information, download our Tech Brief: Keys to Successful Naval Defense Using MIMO/MANET Radio System Deployments>
